Edgar Malatji: PRIMARY/BASIC FUNCTIONS OF RADIO

Edgar Malatji: PRIMARY/BASIC FUNCTIONS OF RADIO: Primary/Basic Functions of Radio OVERVIEW: Society depends on radio and other media for most of its experiences. It (Radio) should pro...

PRIMARY/BASIC FUNCTIONS OF RADIO

Primary/Basic Functions of Radio

OVERVIEW: Society depends on radio and other media for most of its experiences. It (Radio) should provide facts accurately keep listeners informed serve as moderator and critic events.

Radio presents ideas and actions in the public interests and provides contemporary events, base for the future historical record of the society.

Radio reflects human performance and brings messages into the homes and minds of the listeners.

THREE PRIMARY/ BASIC FUNCTIONS OF RADIO ARE:

1. EDUCATE (EDUCATION)

2. INFORM (INFORMATION)

3. ENTERTAIN (ENTERTAINMENT)

1. Education

Any programme on Radio can have an educational function, e.g. News, travel, documentary, drama, etc.

Use of radio: the education process can be divided into three categories:

FORMAL EDUCATION: In a classroom guided by the syllabus.

NON-FORMAL EDUCATION: Planned educational and informational radio programming that is not part of any formal education syllabus.

INFORMAL EDUCATION: An ongoing process affecting almost everyone and which can be gained from almost all programmes, such as the news, talk-shows, discussions, etc.

2. Information

Presentation of facts without being coloured in any way by any personal attitude or interpretation of the communicator without any intentions to persuade.

Sharing of facts with no persuasion or transmission of values.

The prime function of information is to ensure the welfare of society and the individual.

Mass media (Radio) are a source of most information. Radio is useful in distributing information to the community more especially during times of crisis.

The programmes that fulfil the informational function include: News bulletins, weather reports, market prices.

During times of crisis, Radio plays an informative role and can further restore calm and order because it brings facts, quickly to the listeners.

It is difficult to be purely objective and to present straight facts, more especially in news broadcasts. Information cannot be a bare version of fact without any interpretation.

Point is, the reality against which is placed, is already an interpretation .

Often the informative content is dramatised with elements of entertainment. These elements make news items more appealing.

This results in a crossover between the entertainment and information producing the infotainment function.

A strong element of show business (entertainment) is added to infotainment in order to draw a large audience.

Information receives some form of interpretation with an educational overtones, more especially in developing communities.

3. Entertainment

Intimate companion

Breaking isolation and loneliness

People to wider social life

People listening to the same programme (Sport) and discussing it among themselves at a later stage.

Entertainment aims to provide a release from stress and tension.

It also allows for increased socialising.

It is the gratification received by the listener from the programme.

Entertainment overlaps other functions of radio, e.g. An element of pleasure and amusement, classical example Eugene Terre’Blanche falling from his horse during a protest rally in church square in Pretoria.

Community Media/Newspaper as a critical concept of modern media

Community media, Fourie (2001) describes the concept of “community” as rather ambiguous/vague. This is because the term can describe a myriad of communities that share a variety of interests such as a certain neighbourhood, business, and social, religious and so on. Community media is any form of media that is created and controlled by a community, either a geographic community or a community of identity interest. In most cases community media is separate from (commercial) media, state run media, or Public Broadcasters. Community media is increasingly being recognised as a crucial element in a vibrant and democratic media system.

Indigenous language newspapers are widely classified under the umbrella term called community newspaper. It is therefore, appropriate to discuss community newspaper.

According to De Beer (1998), a Community newspaper is the local newspaper initiated to supply communities with information and create an advertising medium. The same can be said of today’s suburban freebies or paid for local papers. People’s need to know what is going on in their community and vicinity guarantees a niche for these papers.

Propaganda versus Political Statements

 

 POLITICAL STATEMENTS

By Edgar Malatji

Politics: Heywood (1997) defines Politics as a way of life – we live in the midst of politics on a daily basis. Politics are forever in the news, in fact, politics make a better part of news production and current affairs coverage in various media platforms.

Political statements are all about communicating a specific message that intends to manipulate the perceptions of an individual or masses in an effort to maintain/attain political power and support. They (Political statements) are relatively different.

The matter of fact is that various political organisations/parties are always striving to score some political points let alone to maintain their political power and support.  Political parties perceive one another as foes hence they often attempt to discredit their respective  rivals. We often come across stories about certain political party criticising its opponent in the media.

For example DA is overtly criticising the ANC – they recently passed motion of no confidence against the leader of the country and ANC Jacob Zuma. DA and other political parties in parliament passed motion of no confidence against the state president. Those political parties were expressing their dissatisfaction pertaining to the manner in which JZ runs the affairs of the state: Nkandlagate, Marikana Massacre, Ambush of SA Army in CAR, unemployment etc.

One of the conspicuous matters that raised a severe political discourse is the Spy-tapes –  The court ruled in favour of the DA.

The court order compels Jacob Zuma’s legal team to hand over the spy-tapes that helped JZ to shrug off myriad of corruption charges in 2009.

Political statements are interesting – as political parties attempt to maintain, improve or change the state quo.  Internationally, North Korean incumbent Kim Jong Un released a ferocious political statement in which he declared war in the Korea Peninsula after the South Korean based US Army dropped a dummy missile around North Korean boarders.

His political statement confirms that North Korea is consolidating its powerful status in Korea Peninsula and that they (North Korea) are not prepared to relinquish their power.

On the other hand, Central African Republic rebel leader Michael Djotodia – released a political statement stating that he will be in power as the president of CAR for the next three years.

That took place immediately after the ousting CAR President Mr Francois Bozize. Locally, Minister of Defence Nosiviwe Mapisa- Nqakula was defensive about the gruesome deaths of SA troops in Bangui.

Instead of conceding defeat the minister emphasised that the troops who succumbed to an ambush by Seleka soldiers showed courage and bravery.

Political parties normally release plethora of political statements during the election campaigns: Manifestos and Mass Demontrations.

•      Language (codes and signs) used in political statements:

•       The codes and signs used in the political statements are often more: Offensive, Provocative, Bias, Defensive, Subjective, Untruthful, inaccurate, manipulative and Partial.

•       Relationship between Propaganda and Political Statements

•       There is a thin line between Propaganda and Political states:

•      Press Conferences by Political parties

•      Statement by film director

•      Political parties’ manifesto

•      Advertisements in the media – Banks

•      Opinion articles on print media

•       Subjective studies e.g. White women are more attractive than their black counterparts.

•       Group Assignment

•       Question: Provide a detailed Analysis of print and electronic discourse. Support your analysis with relevant examples.

•      Two Pages typed excluding cover page: Font size 12

•      Provide References

•      Submission Date: 02 MAY 2013

Language in our education system

Language is a system involving both elements and structures. As in any system, we can define elemental and structural units at many levels, depending on purpose. At any level, however, language includes a set of symbols (vocabulary) and the meaningful methods of combining those units (syntax) (Salawu, 2004:03). Indigenous language is a language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous people but has been reduced to the status of a minority language. This language would be from a linguistically distinct community that has been settled in the area for many generations. Indigenous languages may not be national languages, or may have fallen out of use, because of language deaths or linguicide caused by colonisation, where the original language is replaced by that of the colonists (Salawu, 2006:55).Kwesi (2006:3) states that if culture is the main determinant of our attitudes, tastes and mores, language is the corner stone of culture. It is therefore; in a language that culture is transmitted, interpreted and configured.

Language is also a register of culture. Historically, the trajectory of a culture can be read in the language and the evolution of its lexicals and morphology. Language is one of the distinctive features, which distinguishes human being from animals. Human beings are in effect talkative animals. In this respect one can also extend the logic of the argument to say that culture is the key distinguishing feature between human beings and the rest of the animal world. Therefore, human beings’ ability to create culture marks them off from other animals. Culture raises people above the rest of nature, beyond instinct and relies on nature four their enlightenment because language is the most important means of human intercourse.

Indigenous language newspapers need sustainable development

There is a conspicuous importance of having newspapers that publish in the indigenous languages for the indigenous population in a democratic dispensation. The indigenous languages are the key components of their respective cultures. If the indigenous cultures must survive, the indigenous language must be constantly used if a language must have life so as to be constant, the indigenous media must be seen to be using it. The survival of the language is, in some way, depends on the print media (newspapers) (Salawu, 2004: 8). In addition the indigenous language newspapers have cardinal roles of promoting previously marginalised languages, preserving indigenous cultures let alone upholding democracy. Nevertheless, these newspapers are struggling to sustain themselves in the print media industry. It is therefore, critically important to examine the factors that adversely affect the sustainability of these newspapers.

Morally distasteful South Africa

 

Morally distasteful South Africa

It is very disgusting to constantly learn about the series of sex shenanigans in our school in particular public schools. One of the best public servants in the country,Gauteng’s MEC for Education Barbra Creecy has alluded to the fact she receives six cases of  sex in public schools every day, to make things worst this  nauseating activities are performed by younger leaners some of them are 10 years and younger let alone toddlers.

Gauteng is one of the best performing provinces in terms of Matric results (Last year they toppled Western Province as the best performing province). And   one expects discipline, proper ethics and constructive morals from this Province, but that is not the case because sex videos, child porn and rapes have overshadowed Gauteng’s academic excellence. It was reported on Mail and Guardian that pupils in Gauteng schools have ventured into porn business as they exchange sex videos and most of them are child porn staff. We must not forget that child porn is a crime in this country and since these immoral activities are taking place in our schools where our children are supposed to learn about human morals and ethics we expect those who propagate such acts to be prosecuted. Be that as it may, school educators are also involved in some of these shameful activities.

Yes, we are talking about parents to these children teachers are meant to play a pivotal guardian role at our schools but most of them are doing the contrary as they perpetuate these acts. It was recently reported that some educators promise poor learners to get good academic results only if they agree to sleep with them and some of the leaners sleep with them in exchange for money and other material purposes.

What happened to the morally grounded South Africa? What happened to our passionate society, where orphans were not feeling the wrath of parentless because the next door parents would serve as their guardians? What happened to our ethically astute citizens? What happened to the spirit of Ubuntu and camaraderie?

We cannot keep on playing a proverbial blame game with our government because real South Africans were taking care of themselves during the difficult times of apartheid government. Indeed we have lost our ground concerning morality. Our kids are seeing reckless sexual activities as stepping stone to better life because they hear such barbaric advice from the elders who see them as mere sex objects. Why is sex the most sought after activity? Kids no longer resort to vintage games and plays to past time as they see that as old-fashioned and they unfortunately resort to porn star to be activities.

To remedy this atrocious situation, I strongly believe that our Education system must incorporate African morals and ethics. Learners must be taught how to live as Africans and forget about what they see on tv American programmes. Our Education system must prioritise building a responsible person rather than producing a best student that is living a reckless life but after all that would be a futile exercise. If we do not teach our children about their history and importance of self-respect we are as good as dead as a country because our future would look as bleak as never before. Another important aspect that needs to be addressed meticulously is Sport and Recreation; our education system must embrace the brotherhood that sport brings in the society by ensuring that our children spent most of their spare time playing sport than fidgeting the mobile gadgets. Because in sport and recreation there is education as well mainly due to the fact that all sporting codes need substantial discipline, team work and passion to work  towords a common goal.